Strongresultative is present in germanic but missing in japanese and romance languages 1. Handout of invited speech at the 2005 annual meeting of the chinese linguistic society of japan, university of tsukuba. Resultatives, compositionality and language variation a comparative analysis of english and japanese shows that the set of permissible resul tatives in japanese is properly contained in the set of permissible resultatives in english. The resultative construction, a formmeaning pair e. Word order in resultatives university of california. This article develops the response that connectionist models can, and in fact sometimes do, employ compositionally structured representations without, thereby, simply implementing a classical language of thought. If we just look at english, we find widespread variation in the way it is spoken in different countries such as australia, britain and the usa. The language variation is considered important in language teaching because its contribution of cultural values regards to the different ways of using the language functions or other aspects of language like vocabulary, pronunciation and so far so forth. In particular, i deal with this typological variation in the light of a formal distinction between incorporation and conflation see haugen 2009.
Actual usage varies from people to people, and user to user, in terms of the pronunciation. In this sense, a dialect is regarded as a geographical variety of a language, spoken in a certain area, and being different in some linguistic items from. If you would like to participate, please visit the project page, where you can join the discussion and see a list of open tasks. There might be only slight variations between forms of a language such as minor pronunciations of words or a slight changes of grammatical structure that do not inhibit. The analysis of phrase and sentence meaning is based on the principle of compositionality that is usually ascribed to gottlob frege freges principle of meaning, fregean principle. Journal of east asian linguistics 1997 6 1 49 washio ryuichi resultatives, compositionality, and language variation. Althoughenglish resultatives naturally divide into transitive andintransitive resultatives in the sense of carrier and randall1992, and intransitive resultatives are systematically missingfrom japanese, it is not. Althoughenglish resultatives naturally divide into transitive andintransitive resultatives in the sense of carrier and randall1992, and intransitive resultatives are systematically missingfrom japanese, it is. Factors influencing on language variation by carlos.
How important is language variation towards language. Connectionism has been attacked on the grounds that it does not employ compositionally structured representations e. Postsyntactic wordformation in japanese kitagawa 1986 observes cases in japanese in which the morphemes ko, usu, and oowhich normally receive adjectival interpretation little, thin, and big respectively, are sometimes interpreted adverbially. Author guidelines title page title page doc title page. It is known that i spurious resultative phrases depict the state of a created object and ii the presenceabsence of the suffix ly in them i. It has been observed that chinese resultative compounds display varied aspectual behaviors.
On the event structure of chinese resultative compounds in. Crosslinguistic resultative and pathp correlations. Journal of east asian linguistics, volume 6, issue 1 springer. The baltic languages have developed specific formal encoding patterns for resultatives although. Japanese has weak but not strong resultatives, while english has both. This typology of resultatives seems to capture a point of crosslinguistic variation in resultatives.
This literature generally shows that a grammar comprised of constructions is the best model of capturing how a mind learns, processes and produces language. Language variation is a core concept in sociolinguistics. The case of resultatives with adjectival result phrases. Yet, other points of variation interact with tcp, such as whether the language has incremental ps gehrke 2008, and whether v is allowed to take a smallclause complement. This paper provides a new perspective on the options available to languages for encoding directed motion events. The main fulani of west africa are dark blue on the map. The english language varies on individual, regional, national and global levels. This variation is demonstrated by linguistic differences in terms of sound phonetics and structure grammar. These two parameters, along which variation occurs, are in principle independent of each other, although we shall see that there are ways in. Pathe movement washio 1997 argues that resultatives are divided into strong and weak types. Strong res is present in germanic languages but missing in japanese and romance languages whereas weak res is found in all of them 1, 2. For example, red in lee painted the wall red, a result phrase. This article is within the scope of wikiproject linguistics, a collaborative effort to improve the coverage of linguistics on wikipedia.
Written by a team of experts in diverse fields, english language. Talmy introduces an influential twoway typology, proposing that languages adopt either verb or satelliteframed encoding of motion events. Regulations for manuscript contributors to language research 1. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise cambridge core to connect with your account. First, i briefly recall the main components and parameters within the phonomorphological domain, outlining their relevance to the present issue. Japanese has weak but not strong resultatives, while. Resultatives compositionality and language variation.
According to washios 1997 strong and weak resultative analysis, chinese resultative vanp compounds allow both strong and weak resultative constructions while chinese vdenpa constructions allow only strong resultative constructions, i. The typology of motion expressions revisited1 cambridge core. Natural phenomenon language is a form of social behavior and communities tend to split up into groups, each displaying differen. Furthermore, our qualia account of mimetic resultatives may be extensible to socalled spurious resultatives, such as he spread the butter thicklythick. Unfortunately, some people are unaware of various social and regional dialects, and different varieties of english in the world. The locus of variation if structure is at the heart of language, then variation defines its soul.
Language variation and change linguistic society of america. There might be only slight variations between forms of a language such as minor pronunciations of words or a slight changes of grammatical structure that do not inhibit intergroup. Resultatives, compositionality and language variation. Thus, unlike pidgins, creoles have large numbers of native speakers and are not restricted at all in their uses.
Journal of east asian linguistics, volume 6, issue 1. Pragmatic features of aave u sounding, playing the dozens u rapping u signifying labov 1972 vl language variation and change prof. A contrastive study of resultative constructions in. Linguistic variation across languages is often taken to arise due to a particular choice of parameter settings that determine language specific structural properties during acquisition. Talmys 1991, 2000 wellknown typological distinction between satelliteframed languages and verbframed languages can be shown to be relevant when arguing for two types of locative alternation. Language variation 1 chapter 7 language and variation 7. Verbal resultatives this sort of resultative is a grammatical aspect construction that indicates the result state of the event denoted by the verb. Although english resultatives naturally divide into transitive and intransitive resulta. Pdf resultative secondary predicates in the baltic.
The article discusses morphosyntactic and semantic properties of the constructions conveying resultative secondary predication in lithuanian and latvian. But while the diversity of variation is great, there seem to be boundaries on variation speakers do not generally make drastic alterations in sentence word order or use novel sounds that are. Althoughenglish resultatives naturally divide into transitive andintransitive resultatives in the sense of carrier and randall1992, and intransitive resultatives are systematically missingfrom japanese, it is not exactly this distinction that demarcatesthe english set and the japanese set since japanese permits onlycertain types of transitive resultatives, rejecting other typesthat would be possible in english. According to this principle, it is assumed that the whole meaning of a phrase or sentence can be described according to the functional interdependency of the meaning of its parts. The purpose of inquiry into language variation is probably best summarized by fishman 1969, 1972, who claims that it is to seek an answer to the question, who speaks or writes what language or what language variety to whom and to what end. When a pidgin develops beyond its role as a trade or contact language and becomes the first language of a social community, it is described as a creole. The present paper attempts to formalize the semantic interpretation of resultative phrases in japanese in the framework of generative lexicon, with a focus on the semantic subject of resultative. Between the speakers of any language there is variation in the way that they use their language. Washio ryuichi resultatives, compositionality, and language variation. Parameter theory and motion predicates request pdf. A qualia account of mimetic resultatives in japanese. Argument resultatives and adjunct resultatives in a lexical constructional account.
The possibility of weak vdenpa constructions in chinese. An event structure account of english resultatives. We can also find a range of varieties in different. The book first summarizes some of the problems of grammatical description encountered from saussure through the present and then outlines possibilities for new descriptions of language which take into account sociolinguistic factors. Thus, the same words can be combined differently to form sentences with a different meaning, as in the sentences the dog chased the cat and the cat chased the dog. Revisited from a microparametric approach to linguistic variation i. There are quirky adjectival secondary predicates in japanese that appear with transitive activity verbs and describe the property of the object argument perceived by the subject argument, as shown in 1 the adjectives are boldfaced. Every language has a lot of variation, especially in the way it is spoken. Variation in a language use among speakers or groups of speakers is a notable criterion or change that may occur in pronounciation accent, word choice lexicon or even preference for particular grammatical patterns. Lectures on interpreted languages and compositionality. S english 4th semester language variations and varieties of language what is variation. The rationale for adopting it, however, comes from an assumption on the architecture of language that is not universally shared.
Pathpp structure and parametrized path head movement. Croft 2012, which refers to a change of state or location of a referent of an np caused by the action denoted by the main verb. Covers both traditional topics and topics that have more recently come to prominence, notably concerning language use in context includes advances boxes, designed to give readers a sense of controversies, debates and further research pdf. He wiped the table clean, is characterized by the presence of a result xp e. English does not have a productive resultative construction. How important is language variation towards language english. Rather, the parameter breaks down into subcases, as resultatives can be divided into three different types, strong, weak and spuriousresultatives e. Constructional compositionality and the english resultative. Pathpp structure and parametrized path head movement keywords. Variability is everywhere in language, from the unique details in each production of a sound or sign to the auditory or visual processing of the linguistic signal. A comparative analysis of english and japanese shows that theset of permissible resultatives in japanese is properly containedin the set of permissible resultatives in english. Across languages there are two sorts of variation in the relative position of the direct object o the cutlet, the predicate m that describes the means of causation pound, and the predicate r that describes its result.
Theorists who dont believe in the notion of semantic compositionality also have the view that the extent of the principle is compositionality all the way up and down. Yong 1997 distinguishes between simple change resultatives, i. Speakers may vary pronunciation, word choice, or morphology and syntax sometimes called grammar. A contrastive study of resultative constructions in english, japanese and chinese researching on resultative constructions has become a hot topic in linguistic field in recent years, because it plays an important role in illuminating the nature of lexical semantics and its relationship with syntax. Available formats pdf please select a format to send. Before the 1960s, the general feeling in western linguistics was that some of the variation observed in language was free and unconstrained. Languages vary from one place to another, from one social group to another, and from one situation to another, and these are the. Washio 1997 argues that resultatives res are divided into strong and weak types. A contrastive study of resultative constructions in english. Good variants are typically believed to be characterized by logical superiority or venerability, or both. The principle of compositionality can be seen as an abstract requirement on the grammar of a language and therefore, albeit indirectly, on the language itself.
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